In process of sucrose determination in Sugar beet, pulp analysis by polarometric method is done on the basis of fresh root weight. The volume of the juice of 26 grams of the pulp is considered 23 ml that with 177 ml of clarifying agent would be 200 ml. Drought stress and dehydrated root reduce. The volume of the pulp extract of 23 ml. The objective of this experiment was to determine the proper method for juice extraction from beet roots grown under drought, salinity and normal conditions in the procedure of Sugar content measurement. Sugar beet roots produced under various conditions were subjected to dehydration after harvest. Three levels of dehydration [(A) including fresh beet with 76±1 percent moisture (a1), dehydrated roots up to 70± 1 (a2) and 63± 1 (a3) percent water content] and three juice extraction methods [(traditional cold digestion (b1), hot digestion (b2) and improved French method (b3)] were arranged in a factorial experiment (3*3) in CRD with 12 replications. Sugar content, dry matter, marc, brix and juice electrical conductivity were determined for all treatments. The results showed that beet dehydration from 76 to 68 percent increased both dry matter and marc contents from 24 to 32 and from 4.7 to 7.1 percent, respectively. In normal roots there was no significant difference in terms of Sugar content determination by various extraction methods. However, Sugar content of beet roots grown under semi-salinity (P<0.05), salinity and drought (P<0.01) conditions were affected significantly by extraction methods. These differences are presumably due to differences in marc and dry matter contents. In conclusion, overall there was no difference between the hot digestion and French methods in all conditions. Whereas, the difference of traditional methods with French method for dry matter of 24 to 27 percent was not significant. Thus, it is recommended to determine Sugar content of beet roots having up to 27 percent dry matter by cold digestion method and in the beet roots of greater than 27 percent dry matter the proper way of juice extraction is French method.

In order to determine the optimum sowing and harvesting dates of two autumn Sugar beet cultivars (Bete vulgaris L.) and develop the planting area of this crop, the present research was conducted in Fasa, Iran during 2005-2008. The experiment was carried out in split-split plots based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Three sowing dates (September 27, October 17 and November 6) were assigned to main plots, two commercial Sugar beet cultivars (BR1 and Rasoul) to sub- plots and three harvesting dates (April 30, May 26 and June 20) to sub-sub plots. During the growing period, parameters such as number of plants, lost plants, growth rate and bolting percentage were determined. The root yield was measured by harvesting the roots from the two middle rows of plots. Characteristics such as root yield, Sugar content, impurities (K, Na and α-amino nitrogen) and white Sugar percentage, purity of raw extract, alkalinity and molasses Sugar were measured. Results showed that bolting percentages of sowing dates were significantly different at 1% level of probability. The highest bolting percentage (18.409%) was obtained from September 27 sowing date. Sowing dates (September 27 and November 6) had the lowest bolting percentage (5.420% and 2.870%, respectively). The bolting percentage, root yield, Sugar content, impurities, and purity of raw extract, alkalinity, molasses Sugar and white Sugar yield of the cultivars were not significant. The maximum bolting percentage obtained from the harvesting date (June 20) was 9.964%. Maximum root yield and white Sugar yield was obtained from the sowing date (September 27) and harvesting date (June 20) which were 58.486 and 5.360 tha-1, respectively. With respect to the increased yield due to planting date of September 27 and harvesting date of June 20, use of bolting tolerant cultivars to ensure higher quality and yield I recommended.

Sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt), is one of the limiting factors of Sugar beet growth. Considering the importance and magnitude of this nematode distribution in Iran and also to decrease its destructive damage, use of resistant varieties is recommended. Prerequisite for resistant variety development is resistant genotype availability. In this study, resistance of 70 Sugar beet genotypes to Sugar beet cyst nematode was evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse and in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the field condition in Isfahan, Iran. Data analysis was performed using SAS software and cluster analysis was done by SPSS software. Results showed that genotypes 53 (SB-2), 69 (NE 0911), and 16 (SB32-HSF-5) had the minimum number of cysts, and genotypes16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2) had the lowest rates of eggs, larva and reproductive factor, respectively. The genotypes 16 (SB32-HSF-5) and 5 (SB31-HSF-2) were identified as the most resistant genotypes and were placed in the same cluster. Therefore, these genotypes can be used in breeding programs for resistant variety development.

The aim of this research was to compare the pathogenicity and some biological and morphological characters of four populations of the Sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii, collected from infested farms of Isfahan, Shiraz, West Azerbaijan and Khorasan provinces. The responses of 12 Sugar beet genotypes were evaluated in greenhouse based on the female number on the roots. Moreover, the sizes of females of the nematode populations on each genotype were determined, and egg hatching and emergence of the second stage juveniles (J2s) from the cysts were compared. The cluster analysis of genotypes based on the number and size of the females on the plants showed that the genotypes Toucan, Cactus, Fernando, Sanetta cultivars were clustered with the resistant cultivar Pauletta in one group, and the genotypes 035, 7112*SB36*SB30, 031, 034 and 7112*SB36*SB28 were clustered with the susceptible control (7112*SB36*SB29) in another group. Fewer and smaller females were produced on the resistant genotypes. Nematode population of West Azerbaijan showed a noticeable difference in pathogenicity with Isfahan population and produced fewer and smaller females. Mashhad population had the highest rate of egg hatching and juvenile emergence from cysts compared to the other populations.

For development of parental pollinators of Sugar beet resistant to powdery mildew disease, a rather resistant 14442 population was used. Based on the resistance index, 50 resistant plants were selected to produce half sib families (H.S.F). After open pollinating between these 50 plants, seeds of H.S.F were harvesed. Among these 50 plants, 39 plants produced enough seed. This H.S.F were planted in one raw plot with six replications and evaluated for disease resistance in the next year. Three H.S.Fs (H.S.F13, H.S.F24 and H.S.F35) with high level of resistance were selected. These three families were expressed to selection 150 roots were selected to produce next half sib families. Among these 150 families, 88 roots produced enough seed. In the next cycle, 88 new H.S.F were evaluated for disease resistance and three H.S.Fs (H.S.F5, H.S.F17 and H.S.F22) with high level of resistance were selected. From each H.S.F, 35 roots were selected to produce S1 lines. In the cage, among 105 roots, only 13 plants produced enough seed. 13 S1 were evaluated again for disease resistance in the next year. Low level of infection (12.9 %) was observed in the S1 lines. Therefore, selection in the 14442 population for powdery mildew resistance was very effective, and the plants selected in this method showed 72.6 % selection progress. Because of the high resistance of the S1 lines, they could be used to develop powdery mildew resistancte varieties.

Introduction: Impurities of raw Sugar beet have significant effects on Sugar recovery and loss in the remaining molasses.Materials and Methods: More than 1000 random samples were taken from 28000 Sugar beet receiving consignments during three months of operation at Orumieh Sugar Factory in 2008.Different impurities consisting of K, Na, and N along with Sugar beet and resulting molasses were analyzed precisely by betlalyzer machine. The obtained data were used to predict Sugar content of final molasses according to suggestive mathematical models of Reinefeld and Braunschwik.Additionally, the correlation coefficients of estimated and measured sucrose’s were figured out.Results: The results indicated that sucrose in Sugar beet samples had a range of 8.4 – 20.5% with most frequency numbers of 15.5 – 16.7%. In addition, 69% of the Sugar beet samples had a Sugar range of 14.3 – 18.0%. The K and Na contents of Sugar beet samples changed from 2.3 – 9.3 and 0.8 – 7.4 meq, respectively. Furthermore, the average value of non-protein nitrogen in Sugar beet samples was 4.3 meq. According to Reinefeld and Braunschwik models the estimated sucrose in resultant molasses were 3.0 and 2.4% respectively.Conclusion: The average Sugar content in the final molasses at the end of factory’s seasonal operation was 2.1%. While the Reinefeld model could predict the Sugar content of final molasses with 45% deviation from its actual number, the Braunschwik model was able to predict this parameter in molasses with less than 15% deviation. It is much more appropriate to measure the Na, K, and N in receiving consignment of Sugar beet and use Braunschwik model to predict the Sugar loss in the final molasses.

Tissue nutrient status of high yielding plant populations can be a reference norm for evaluation of growth and achievement of optimal yield. Compositional reference norms derived from generic models are important. Yield data of 382 Sugar beet fields was analyzed and, using mathematical approach, cumulative variance ratio function[Fic()], and chi-squared distribution function, the low (n1= 259) and high (n2= 123) yielding subpopulations were separated from each other. Cutoff yield was obtained at 53.980 t.ha-1. Critical chi-squared value was found to be 7.3 and was confirmed by using data of leaf samples from 38 fields and Cate-Nelson statistical procedure. Preliminary CND norms of different elements were found as follows: V*N=3.442±0.145, V*P=0.765±0.139,V*K =3.197±0.187, V*Zn=-3.691±0.306, V*Fe=-3.317±0.321, V*Cu=-4.377±0.233, V*B =-3.487±0.293, V*S=1.359±0.283, V*Rd=6.589±0.076. Later, nutrient sufficiency range and critical intervals norms and nutrient indexes for CND were determined using analysis results of 38 Sugar beet tissue samples. Satisfactory results were obtained when data of many fertilizer trials were investigated to arrive at preliminary validation of norms and indexes. These norms, indexes, nutrient sufficiency ranges, and critical intervals can be used for prediction of growth, yield, and nutrition disorders of Sugar beet.